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The Roma people have a number of distinct populations, the largest being the Roma and the Iberian Calé or Caló, who reached Anatolia and the Balkans about the early 12th century, from a migration out of northwestern India beginning about 600 years earlier.〔(Isabel Mendizabal and 21 others, "Reconstructing the Population History of European Romani from Genome-wide Data" ), ''Current Biology'', Available online 6 December 2012, accessed 12 December 2012〕〔"Genomic Study Traces Roma to Northern India"], ''New York Times'', 11 December 2012. Findings recently reported also in ''Current Biology''.〕 They settled in present-day Turkey, Greece, Serbia, Romania, Moldova, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Hungary and Slovakia, by order of volume, and Spain. From the Balkans, they migrated throughout Europe and, in the nineteenth and later centuries, to the Americas. The Romani population in the United States is estimated at more than one million.〔Quote: "Today, estimates put the number of Roma in the U.S. at about one million."〕 There is no official or reliable count of the Romani populations worldwide.〔("European effort spotlights plight of the Roma" ), ''USA Today'', 1 February 2005〕 Many Romani refuse to register their ethnic identity in official censuses for fear of discrimination. Others are descendants of intermarriage with local populations and no longer identify only as Romani, or not at all. As of the early 2000s, an estimated 4 to 9 million Romani people lived in Europe and Asia Minor.〔3.8 million according to Pan and Pfeil, ''National Minorities in Europe'' (2004), ISBN 978-3-7003-1443-1, p. 27f.; 9.1 million in the high estimate of Liégois, Jean-Pierre (2007). ''Roms en Europe,'' Éditions du Conseil de l'Europe.〕 although some Romani organizations estimate numbers as high as 14 million.〔, Council of Europe, compilation of population estimates. Archived from (the original ), 6 October 2009.〕 Significant Romani populations are found in the Balkan peninsula, in some Central European states, in Spain, France, Russia, and Ukraine. The total number of Romani living outside Europe are primarily in the Middle East and North Africa and in the Americas, and are estimated in total at more than two million. Some countries do not collect data by ethnicity. The Romani people identify as distinct ethnicities based in part on territorial, cultural and dialectal differences, and self-designation. The main branches are:〔Hancock, Ian, 2001, ''Ame sam e rromane džene'' / We are the Romani People, The Open Society Institute, New York, page 2〕〔Matras, Yaron, ''Romani: A linguistic introduction,'' Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 5〕〔(N. Bessonov, N. Demeter "Ethnic groups of Gypsies" ), Zigane website, Russia〕 # Roma, concentrated in Central and Eastern Europe and Italy, they emigrated (mostly from the 19th century onwards) to the rest of Europe, as well as the Americas; # Iberian Kale, mostly in Spain (see Romani people in Spain), but also in Portugal (see Romani people in Portugal), Southern France and Latin America; # Finnish Kale, in Finland, emigrated also in Sweden; # Welsh Kale, in Wales and the British Isles; # Romanichal, in the United Kingdom, some emigrated also to the United States, Canada and Australia; # Sinti, in German-speaking areas of Europe and some neighboring countries; # Manush, in French-speaking areas of Europe (in French: Manouche); and # Romanisæl, in Sweden and Norway. The Romani have additional internal distinctions, with groups identified as Bashaldé; Churari; Luri; Ungaritza; Lovari (Lovara) from Hungary; Machvaya (Machavaya, Machwaya, or Macwaia) from Serbia; Romungro from Hungary and neighbouring Carpathian countries; Erlides (also ''Yerlii'' or ''Arli''); Xoraxai (Horahane) from Greece/Turkey; Boyash (Lingurari, Ludar, Ludari, Rudari, or Zlătari) from Romanian/Moldovan miners; Ursari from Romanian/Moldovan bear-trainers; Argintari from silversmiths; Aurari from goldsmiths; Florari from florists; and Lăutari from singers. ==Population by country== This is a table of Romani people by country. The list does include the Dom people, who are often subsumed under "gypsies". The official number of Romani people is disputed in many countries; some do not collect data by ethnicity; in others, Romani individuals may refuse to register their ethnic identity for fear of discrimination,〔(Other News » It Now Suits the EU to Help the Roma )〕 or have assimilated and do not identify exclusively as Romani. In some cases, governments consult Romani organizations for data. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Romani diaspora」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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